阿西莫格鲁：机器与人的竞争
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资源简介
The Race Between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares and Employment
Daron Acemoglu Pascual Restrepo
Abstract
The advent of automation and the simultaneous decline in the labor share and employment among advanced economies raise concerns that labor will be marginalized and made redundant by new technologies. This paper examines this proposition in a task-based framework wherein tasks previously performed by labor are automated, more complex versions of existing tasks can be created, and in these new tasks labor tends to have a comparative advantage. We fully characterize the structure of equilibrium in this model, showing how the allocation of factors to tasks and factor prices are determined by the available technology and the endogenous choices of firms between capital and labor. We then demonstrate that although automation tends to reduce employment and the share of labor in national income, the creation of more complex tasks has the opposite effect, and both types of innovations contribute to economic growth. Our full model endogenizes the direction of research and development towards automation and the creation of new complex tasks. We show that, under reasonable conditions, there exists a stable balanced growth path in which the two types of innovations go hand-in-hand. Consequently, an increase in automation reduces the wage to rental rate ratio, which discourages further automation and encourages greater creation of more labor intensive tasks, restoring the share of labor in national income and the employment to population ratio back towards their initial values. Though the economy is self-correcting, the equilibrium allocation of research effort is not optimal: to the extent that wages reflect quasi-rents for workers, firms will engage in too much automation. Finally, we extend the model to include workers of different skills. We find that inequality increases during transitions, but the self-correcting forces also serve to limit the increase in inequality over longer periods.
